The grasslands of the Northern Great Plains are social-ecological systems that have undergone many changes since the start of European settlement. The sacred social-ecological relationships Indigenous people nurtured with the land were harmed as colonialism displaced and persecuted their communities, which degraded social-ecological resilience and shifted grasslands to a new state. The cultural and natural burning that evolved with migratory grazers on grasslands was also disrupted through sedentary agriculture, Western land tenure, fire suppression, and Indigenous exclusion. These changes further harmed social-ecological resilience in grasslands and exposed them to woody encroachment, invasive species, and increasing wildfires. For those reasons, my graduate research focused on assessing, restoring, and centering evolutionary and Indigenous social-ecological relationships for advancing social-ecological resilience in the Northern Great Plains grasslands. Since the mid-20th century, there has been an increase in Western studies focused on improving the social-ecological resilience of grasslands by restoring social-ecological relationships. Patch-burn grazing is being employed to mimic the ancestral coupling of fire and grazing that shaped grasslands, but additional information is still needed to understand how to best apply it. I performed a study in the Sandhills of Nebraska to assess the potential of Patch-burn grazing for restoring grassland social-ecological relationships and resilience by comparing it to that of Rotational grazing. Through vegetation and bird surveys, my research examined the impacts of these practices on vegetation structure, biodiversity, and heterogeneity and bird diversity and functional groups. The results indicate that each treatment contributes to grassland resilience in different manners. Patch-burn grazing caused higher forb and vegetation diversity, which should support more niches and ecological functions. While standing biomass did not vary by treatment, Rotational grazing had higher vegetation, indicating its potential for production, and the practice had more plot-level heterogeneity while both treatments contributed to patch-level variability, which has potential for supporting biodiversity, wildfire mitigation, and resilience. Rotational grazing also increased invertivore birds and burning increased ground nesters while grazing reduced omnivore birds and grassland obligate birds that are two functional groups of concern for grassland resilience. Grazing and burning also decreased functional diversity while natural heterogeneity supported it. The overall impacts of Patch-burn grazing indicate that it caused similar production levels as Rotational grazing while supporting heterogeneity and more diversity. Because both practices contributed to grassland resilience but with differing impacts, the decision to use one or the other is dependent on management goals and priorities. Furthermore, while Indigenous social-ecological relationships shaped the social-ecological resilience of grasslands and are also essential for restoring them, there has been a historical lack of Western research focused on understanding and supporting Indigenous priorities and resilience. I collaborated with Indigenous leaders to assess and center social-ecological relationships, resilience, and priorities of Indigenous people in Eastern Nebraska. Guided by Indigenous and Western sciences, I conducted semi-structured interviews with Indigenous leaders to center their social-ecological relationships and identify the changes that could support and restore the social-ecological resilience of their communities. Responses indicated that it is important to challenge ongoing settler colonialism that continues to harm Indigenous people and grasslands through oppression, pollution, and exploitation. Participants prioritize improving social-ecological resilience for all people by restoring their ancestral relationships with their communities, cultures, and grasslands. Overall, this interdisciplinary study has potential to inform efforts to advance resilience in grasslands in the Northern Great Plains. It highlights the complex impacts of grassland management practices on biodiversity and heterogeneity while showing the potential of Patch-burn grazing for maintaining production and advancing resilience. The study also centers how the leadership of Indigenous people is important for improving grassland social-ecological resilience as their cultures hold ancestral knowledge for restoring evolutionary social-ecological relationships and supporting equitable decision-making that benefits all communities in the Northern Great Plains.